Nathaniel Hawthorne | Dr Heideggers Experiment

Nathaniel Hawthorne | Dr Heideggers Experiment Dr. Heideggers Experiment is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 19th century. Dr. Heideggers Experiment is about a doctor who claims to have water from the fountain of youth. He then he invites his friends over and conducts an experiment on them. He uses the water from the fountain of youth and makes them young again, but they break the vase holding the water and it wears off. Nathaniel Hawthorne is an American novelist and writer. He is known for his allegorical tales and excellent usage of literary devices. In Dr. Heideggers Experiment, Hawthorne uses symbolism, allegory and characterization to describe how people dont learn from their mistakes. Hawthorne uses the characterization of Dr. Heidegger to describe how people dont learn from their mistakes. Right before Dr. Heidegger lets his friends drink the water from the fountain of youth he says, Before you drink, my respectable old friends, said he, it would be well that, with the experience of a lifetime to direct you, you should draw up a few general rules for your guidance, in passing a second time through the perils of youth. Think what a sin and shame it would be, if, with your peculiar advantages, you should not become patterns of virtue and wisdom to all the young people of the age!' (Holt 231). Dr. Heidegger is characterized as uninterested in the how growing young again happens, or how the water from the fountain works. It is also revealed that Dr. Heidegger is wise, and is seeking answers about peoples behaviour and the folly of man. Dr. Heidegger has the intention of testing whether if given the opportunity, will people change their ways and learn from their mista kes. After the vase holding the water from the fountain breaks, Dr. Heidegger says, Yes, friends, ye are old again, said Dr. Heidegger, and lo! the Water of Youth is all lavished on the ground. WellI bemoan it not; for if the fountain gushed at my very doorstep, I would not stoop to bathe my lips in itno, though its delirium were for years instead of moments. Such is the lesson ye have taught me!' (235). It is revealed that Dr. Heidegger is curious about whether one will learn from his/her mistakes of the past. Dr. Heideggers experiments hypothesis that people dont learn from their mistakes was proven to be accurate. For my own part, having had much trouble in growing old, Im in no hurry to grow young again (231). Dr. Heidegger is characterized as one who values age and experience which he understands gives him wisdom. He remembers the mistakes he made in the past and learns from it. Hawthorne wrote Dr. Heideggers Experiment as allegory, where the four friends taking part in the experiment stand for mistakes and flaws which they dont change, to describe how people dont learn from their mistakes. As Hawthorne introduces the characters at the beginning of the short story he writes, Mr. Medbourne, in the vigor of his age, had been a prosperous merchant, but had lost his all by a frantic speculation, and was now little better than a mendicant (228). Mr. Medbourne stands for greed. He lost money making bad business decisions in the past. After the four friends transformed into their younger selves, Hawthorne writes, Mr. Medbourne was involved in a calculation of dollars and cents, with which was strangely intermingled a project for supplying the East Indies with ice, by harnessing a team of whales to the polar icebergs (233). Mr. Medbourne made the same foolish greedy business ventures again when he transformed. He has not learned from his mistakes. As Hawthorne intro duces the characters at the beginning of the short story he writes, Colonel Killigrew had wasted his best years, and his health and substance, in the pursuit of sinful pleasures, which had given birth to a brood of pains, such as the gout, and divers other torments of soul and body (228). He also describes Colonel Killgrew later in the story, Colonel Killigrews compliments were not always measured by sober truth (232). Colonel Killigrew stands for dishonesty and sin. He was a liar and pursued sinful pleasures, such as drinking and lusting. After the four friends transformed into their younger selves, Hawthorne writes, Colonel Killigrew all this time had been trolling forth a jolly bottle song, and ringing his glass in symphony with the chorus, while his eyes wandered toward the buxom figure of the Widow Wycherly (233). Colonel Killigrew is once again lusting and drinking excessively when he transformed. He is repeating the mistakes he made in the past. As Hawthorne introduces the ch aracters at the beginning of the short story he writes, Mr. Gascoigne was a ruined politician, a man of evil fame, or at least had been so till time had buried him from the knowledge of the present generation, and made him obscure instead of infamous (228). Mr. Gascoigne stands for stagnation. He failed as politician due to the lack of new ideas. After the four friends transformed into their younger selves, Hawthorne writes, Mr. Gascoignes mind seemed to run on political topics, but whether relating to the past, present, or future, could not easily be determined, since the same ideas and phrases have been in vogue these fifty years (233). His mind ran on the same ideas and topics just as he did in the past. He didnt learn from his mistakes and change. As Hawthorne introduces the characters at the beginning of the short story he writes, As for the Widow Wycherly, tradition tells us that she was a great beauty in her day; but, for a long while past, she had lived in deep seclusion, on account of certain scandalous stories which had prejudiced the gentry of the town against her (228). Widow Wycherly stands for vanity and promiscuity. She was very beautiful and did many scandalous things which forced her to go into hiding. After the four friends transformed into their younger selves, Hawthorne writes, As for the Widow Wycherly, she stood before the mirror courtesying and simpering to her own image, and greeting it as the friend whom she loved better than all the world beside. She thrust her face close to the glass, to see whether some long-remembered wrinkle or crows foot had indeed vanished. She examined whether the snow had so entirely melted from her hair that the venerable cap could be safely thrown aside (233). Hawthorne also writes, Doctor, you dear old soul, cried she, gets up and dance with me!' (234). Widow Wycherly is repeating her obsession with looks and vanity. She is also not changing her old promiscuous ways. She doesnt learn from her mistakes. When introducing the characters, Hawthorne also writes, It is a circumstance worth mentioning that each of these three old gentlemen, Mr. Medbourne, Colonel Killigrew, and Mr. Gascoigne, were early lovers of the Widow Wycherly, and had once been on the point of cutting each others throats for her sake (228). The three men used to fight over Wycherly. This conflict between the characters stands for hate. After the transformation, Hawthorne also writes, Dance with me, Clara! cried Colonel Killigrew. No, no, I will be her partner! shouted Mr. Gascoigne. She promised me her hand, fifty years ago! exclaimed Mr. Medbourne. They all gathered round her. One caught both her hands in his passionate grasp another threw his arm about her waistthe third buried his hand among the glossy curls that clustered beneath the widows cap. Blushing, panting, struggling, chiding, laughing, her warm breath fanning each of their faces by turns, she strove to disengage herself, yet still remained in their triple embrace (234). The four of them repeated what happened in the past and the men started fighting over Wycherly again. They all again didnt learn from their mistakes. Hawthorne uses symbolism of items belonging to Dr. Heidegger to describe how people dont learn from their mistakes. When describing Dr. Heideggers study, it says, Between two of the bookcases hung a looking-glass, presenting its high and dusty plate within a tarnished gilt frame. Among many wonderful stories related of this mirror, it was fabled that the spirits of all the doctors deceased patients dwelt within its verge, and would stare him in the face whenever he looked thitherward (229). The mirror symbolizes Dr. Heideggers failures as a doctor. The mirror reminds him of those failures and he learns from them. After the transformation and when they are fighting over Wycherly, it says, Never was there a lovelier picture of youthful rivalship, with bewitching beauty as the prize. Yet by some strange deception, owning to the duskiness of the chamber, and the antique dresses which they still wore, the tall mirror is said to have reflected the figures of three, old, gray, withered gran d-sires, ridiculously contending for the skinny ugliness of a shrivelled grand-dam (234). The mirror reveals that they are making the same mistakes as they did in the past and how foolish they are. The mirror symbolizes their repetition of those mistakes. When first introducing the experiment Dr Hiedegger says, This rose, said Dr. Heidegger, with a sigh, this same withered and crumbling flower, blossomed five and fifty years ago. It was given me by Sylvia Ward, whose portrait hangs yonder; and I meant to wear it in my bosom at our wedding. Five and fifty years it has been treasured between the leaves of this old volume. Now, would you deem it possible that this rose of half a century could ever bloom again?' (230). Dr. Heidegger kept this rose as a reminder of his mistakes in his relationship with his dead wife. It symbolizes Dr. Heideggers learned lessons of the past. Also in the description of Dr. Heideggers study, it says, In the obscurest corner of the room stood a tall and narr ow oaken closet, with its door ajar, within which doubtfully appeared a skeleton (229).The skeleton symbolizes peoples refusal to learn from their mistakes and as a result being internally dead. The skeleton being kept in the closet reveals that Dr. Heidegger has past horrible mistakes that he now learns from. The usage of the literary devices characterization, allegory and symbolism by Hawthorne excellently reveals the theme of the story, which is that people dont learn from their mistakes. Hawthorne characterizes Dr. Heidegger as wise and seeking answers about peoples behavior. Dr. Heideggers real intention of the experiment was to find out whether his friends will learn from their mistakes. Dr. Heideggers Experiment is written as an allegory. The four friends taking part in the experiment stand for the mistakes of the past which stay unchanged. Mr. Medbourne represents greed, Colonel Killigrew represents dishonesty and sin, Mr. Gascoigne represents stagnation, and Widow Wycherly represents vanity and promiscuity. The three mens conflict over Widow Wycherly represents hate. Items owned by Dr. Heidegger symbolize different aspects of learning from mistakes. The mirror represents Dr. Heideggers mistakes as a doctor and the repetition of mistake. The rose symbolizes Dr. Heideggers learned l essons of the past. The skeleton symbolizes Dr. Heideggers mistakes and also people not learning from their mistakes. Siddhartha: Book Analysis Siddhartha: Book Analysis One utilizes a potters wheel to mold and shape a piece of clay. As the wheel continues to spin, the clay transforms into a beautiful shape of art. This tool, however exists as more than just a mechanism for sculpting clay. The potters wheel stands as a profound metaphor for the circle of life. Herman Hesses prolific novel, Siddhartha, illustrates this metaphor through the examination of its protagonists life. In Siddharthas spiritual journey, his potters wheel initially spins, then slows down almost to the point of a standstill, and, with the help of that delay, sets into motion again. Just as the wheel physically sculpts clay into beautiful art, it metaphorically sculpts Siddharthas life into enlightenment. Siddharthas potters wheel spins from the very beginning of the story. Even his name exemplifies this metaphor, for it translates into the journey of life. (Lachotta) As the son of a Brahmin, Siddhartha feels unsatisfied with his transitory existence. (Hesse) He constantly thirsts for spiritual knowledge. In an effort to obtain this knowledge, he pumps the pedal of his potters wheel, and leaves his family behind to live a life of asceticism. On his spiritual journey, he encounters the samanas and Gotama, but cannot accept their teachings. He believes that true peace cannot be taught; he must experience it for himself. He expresses this belief in his conversation with the exalted Buddha, stating that for myself alone must I judge, must I choose, must I decline. (Hesse) In essence, he believes that he exists as the only potter in control of his wheel. He realizes that only he can cultivate his clay of life. As his journey continues into the city, his eyes become transfixed on an entirel y different existence Kamalas love. Although he previously denies all teachers, he allows Kamala and Kamaswami to teach him the arts of love and trade. This sets the new motion within his potters wheel, and ultimately, the new motion within his circle of life. As Siddhartha adapts to this new life of prosperity, he remains the samana within his heart. He continues to practice his own arts of thinking, fasting, and waiting, and feels indifferent to business affairs. (Hesse) However, as he plunges further into the world of the child people, his wheel begins to slow. The game of samsara begins to occupy his thoughts as much as the gods and Brahmin once [occupy] them. As Siddhartha makes love to Kamala, he slowly becomes seized by the spiritual malaise of the rich. (Hesse) The potters wheel within in his soul encompasses the wheel of asceticism, the wheel of thinking, [and] the wheel of determination. These wheels continue to whirl. However, they now spin slowly and hesitantly, and nearly [come] to a standstill. A slower speed in a potters wheel prompts errors in the clays structure. Similarly, this speed endangers Siddharthas self. Once the wheel reaches a standstill, it contains the potential to permanently engulf its creation. Siddhartha no tices this gradual transformation within his self, but becomes paralyzed to act against it. He lives as the hollow men do in the twilight kingdom. (Eliot) No longer a man of spirituality, he becomes a prisoner to gambling, wine, and dancing girls; he exists as the bird in the golden cage. In a symbolic dream, Siddhartha sees that the bird in the golden cage lies dead. This prompts him to head to the river, where his wheel sets into another motion. Upon his arrival to the river, Siddhartha stands hesitantly by the shore. The bird in his heart feels dead, and thus, his potters wheel feels at a standstill. He spits at his reflection, and then plunges into the water, where he sinks down toward death. Then he hears a word from the remote precincts of his soul. The holy OM of perfect completion penetrates his being, and sets his wheel in motion again. Siddhartha feels reborn. He realizes that with his unity of suffering and prosperity, he achieves true understanding of the world; he achieves nirvana. Although the slowing of the wheel exists as potentially detrimental to the clay, it also exists as necessary for a beautiful masterpiece. Paralleling the unity of both worlds, a potter must spin the wheel both fast to make the clay taller, and slow to center it. (Devries) Thus, Siddhartha molds his clay into enlightenment. Also, just as Siddhartha went through many smaller cycles to achieve his goals, the potters wheel spins in smaller cycles as it cultivates the clay. Siddhartha realizes these many cycles of life when he tells Govinda that the wheel of forms turns quickly. Furthermore, the river guides Siddhartha through his entire journey, just as the potter must continuously wet the clay as he guides its final shape. Water, therefore, exists as the sustenance for the potters wheel, in both physical and metaphorical terms. Siddharthas wheel sets into motion again, and ultimately, he completes his circle of life. Overall, Siddharthas spiritual journey parallels that of a potters wheel. Hesse creates this metaphor as the circle of life, and intricately weaves it throughout his entire novel. Siddharthas wheel initially spins, slows down almost to a standstill, and, with the help of that delay, sets into motion again. A potter must meet both motions in order to obtain a deeper and more beautiful creation. Otherwise, the creation exists as nothing more than a shadow, just as Siddhartha before he obtains his unity. In the end, Siddharthas circle of life results in an enlightened self. With his potters wheel, he creates something beautiful.

How Does F. Scott Fitzgerald Portray Daisy and Tom in the First Chapter

The Buchanans have been stereotypically introduced by Fitzgerald as the typical representation of the â€Å"Lost Generation† (Gertrude Stein). Tom and Daisy Buchanan inhabit qualities of America during the era after WW1 – people were intolerant, materialistic and lacked spiritualism. They live in the East Egg and are the representations of the love for a Romantic lifestyle and the desperation to seek new ideas (generally from Europe) and accept them. The Buchanans have spent a year in France in pursuit of pleasure, not (like Nick) on war service and Fitzgerald describes them as wealthy drifters who â€Å"drifted here and there unrestfully†.They are part of a community who were â€Å"rich together† and this implies a questionable significance of their lives, whether existing was the only objective. Further on in the novel, it can be seen that Tom and Daisy’s aimless way of life establishes a contrast with the disciplined schedule drawn up by young Ja mes Gatz, which is displayed, following Gatsby’s death, proudly by his father. The Buchanans live in a â€Å"Georgian Colonial mansion† which instantly places them amongst the elite and patrician.The irony of the description, â€Å"cheerful† is that despite the attempt of trying to create a perfect life and trying to ensure everyone is notified of how rich they were, Fitzgerald shows throughout the novel that the reality of the Buchanans’ were nowhere near as â€Å"cheerful† as it initially seems. The colours used to describe Buchanan’s place are rich, â€Å"gold† having the double implication of wealth and sunshine. The decor of the house harks to the European influences showing the eagerness to flaunt their â€Å"french windows†, again in attempt to emphasise how the American upper class had their privileges based on their wealth.However, Tom seems to be uncomfortable in his own surroundings, at one point his eyes begin †Å"flashing about restlessly† – he is desperate to be perfect, desperate to be stronger and more of a man† than Nick is. Tom Buchanan is displayed as a domineering, self centred character, with traditionalist views. He had reached â€Å"an acute limited excellence† despite being in the same generation as Nick. This supports the idea of the purposeless life led by Tom, as afterwards would only be the â€Å"savours of anti-climax†. Fitzgerald describes Tom with â€Å"shining arrogant eyes† who had â€Å"established dominance†.He is a well built, sturdy man living in a life of luxuries such as football and riding. The description of Tom â€Å"standing with his legs apart on the front porch† portrays a forceful dictatorial presence. He had a â€Å"cruel body†, one which was â€Å"capable of enormous leverage† – perhaps Nick’s view that Tom being the social superior would instantly mean he would inhabit this staggering ability to accomplish anything. Tom is commanding and Fitzgerald shows this by describing the way Nick is â€Å"compelled† from room to room as Tom wishes, using brute force to wedge his arm â€Å"imperatively† under Nick’s.Further into chapter one, Daisy refers to the â€Å"great, big, hulking physical specimen† which is Tom – he is brutalised by his selfishness and arrogance and does not consider the consequences of his actions. Despite being a man of power (bother physical and socially) and wealth there were men who â€Å"hated his guts†, Nick says he has a trace of â€Å"paternal contempt† which may have inspired this hatred from his peers; this also implies discreet disapproval between citizens of the East Egg, and on a wider scale, the superiors of the social hierarchy.Fitzgerald shows, through racist comments of Tom Buchanan, an American reality of social division by race and gender. He accuses â€Å"other racesâ⠂¬  of threatening the â€Å"Nordic race† making references to a book, â€Å"The Rise of the Coloured Empires by his man Goddard†. He attempts to put across intelligent views and opinions but it becomes apparent that this is definitely not the case. His view of white people being the â€Å"dominant race† demonstrates his simplistic, ignorant and racist values especially considering his northern European ancestry a one way ticket to social superiority.However, America has a motto of â€Å"e pluribus unum† which means â€Å"one from many†, this phrase signifying that America has grown through the mix of different cultures, particularly through immigration. He tries to enforce his views by claiming it is scientifically proved. The nativist group, the Klu Klux Klan at the time of the novel, tried to use â€Å"scientific proof†, however it was later revealed they used eugenics to prove the â€Å"inferiority† of Asians and immigrants from Europeans – this indicating how Tom’s claims are very much in the wrong.Tom sees Daisy as the inferior in their relationship and does make an effort to hide this from Nick. He openly ignores Daisy when listing the â€Å"Nordics†, hesitating before including Daisy with a â€Å"slight nod†. He criticizes how Jordan Baker should not be allowed to â€Å"run around the country† showing his traditional, old fashioned views of a woman’s role and showing disapproval of the amount of freedom and success Jordan has been given. Daisy Buchanan is introduced as an absolute contrast to her husband. Some traits revealed throughout the process of chapter one is that she is frail and diminutive, touching on the edge of being shallow.The overly exaggerated opening to Daisy, as described by Fitzgerald through Nick, shows her being â€Å"p-paralysed with happiness†. This stutter and the use of the verb â€Å"paralysed† implies a fake impression th at Daisy puts on to fool others, as the reader finds out later in the chapter. The constant reference to Daisy’s â€Å"thrilling† laughter and voice is used to represent Daisy herself; the â€Å"charming little laugh† is the synecdoche for Daisy’s character, this compulsive power of her voice of Daisy used by Fitzgerald in Chapter 2, where Tom’s mistress tries to imitate the life of Daisy’s.Nick describes Daisy’s â€Å"singing compulsion†; her voice also ceases to â€Å"compel† his attention. Such use of language attributes to her the powerful enchantment of the siren on the rocks, who drew passing sailors to their doom; this pays tribute to the sexual allure. The scene where Daisy’s little finger is injured, Daisy seems to lose maturity altogether and revert to being a spoilt young girl, dramatically accusing Tom. She, like Tom, is also corrupted by her immense wealth.She and Jordan are dressed in white when Nick arrives, and she mentions that they spent a â€Å"white girl-hood† together; the ostensible purity of Daisy and Jordan stands in ironic contrast to their actual decadence and this can be ambiguous in meaning in that Daisy had meant it in a racist manner. Daisy is blinded by the self interest and wealth, becoming ecstatic at the idea of being missed, to the extent that the baby she has becomes irrelevant. â€Å"The baby† seems to be a prop in the life of Daisy, a symbol of being Tom’s wife, something which makes this marriage agreement official.The top and foremost layer, of which everyone is familiar with in the character of Daisy, hides a more â€Å"sophisticated† Daisy. Hints throughout the chapter indicate problems within the Buchanan relationship. Daisy’s face was â€Å"sad† and when she had injured herself, she attempted to call out for help and attention seeking, in that she was hurting and suffering in this relationship. Daisy confid es in Nick about the truths of the life of being Mrs Buchanan.After giving birth, she felt â€Å"utterly abandoned†, implying the fragility of Tom and Daisy’s relationship, despite later on in the novel, the Buchanans realise how much they value each other. Unlike the typical Daisy, Fitzgerald allows Daisy to make a crucial criticism while confiding in Nick; when being notified of having a daughter she states that the best thing a girl can be in the world is a â€Å"beautiful little fool†. This criticizes the social position of women and the limits that are imposed on them.Thus, this shows a more intelligent side of Daisy, she feels like she has to put on a ditzy act in order to do the best she can in society – a complete contrast to the role of Jordan Baker. However, Daisy does not hesitate to accept the pride of being â€Å"sophisticated† and â€Å"rather like Tom† has been blinded by the likes of self interest. Furthermore the lives of th e Buchanans have been deadened; â€Å"impersonal eyes† show the lack of spirituality and a meaningless life. Nick here suggests that life in the West is more alive than the bore of the daily routine in the riches of the East.

An Unforgettable Journey With My Mom Essay - 1175 Words

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College Students Sleep, Sleep Disorders, And Mental...

When people hear the word sleep, they often fantasize themselves crawling into their cozy bed after a long, tiresome day. For countless college students, sleep is often just a dream. Countless studies have been done to attempt to understand why college students seem to lack of sleep and why they have a challenging time acquiring a suitable night’s sleep. After skimming through various articles, I found a few major themes correlated with college students and sleep: poor GPA, sleep disorders, and mental disorders. The amount of sleep a college student gets can effect or cause the previously stated themes. When a student sleeps, they are not only fulfilling a psychological need to function, they are also preventing things such as a low GPA, sleep disorders, and mental disorders. Through the years, the acronym GPA has grown to become something that a bulk of college students overlook. Nevertheless I learned from experience, GPA matters. I have seen family members in college get tu rned down from internships due to a low GPA; these internships could have helped them find their dream job. A number of higher education institutions only grant internships to students with a minimum GPA of 3.0 (Maynard, Michael L., 2000). Due to this information, students study longer, strenuous hours in an attempt to make up for lost time. What they fail to notice is one vital component they are leaving out of their now crammed routine: sleep. Through many studies, sleep has proven to be aShow MoreRelatedCollege Students Exposure to Mental Illness743 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Many American students who graduate school seeking a higher education through college and or technical school is typically idolized amongst families and peers. Unfortunately, college has become extremely expensive for those living in the middle and lower class households. Many students often apply for student loans to compensate for what scholarships and federal financial aid to do not cover, such as the expenses of tuition, books, room and boarding fee. The stress of financial aid aloneRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression1431 Words   |  6 Pagesof mood disorder characterized by persistent and profound sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, and feelings of worthlessness. While depression may be a common disorder in many cultures, not many people know about its different types and more importantly how to help themselves or others in the recovery process. There are in fact multiple types of depressive conditions each characterized by its own causes, courses, patterns outcomes, and specific types of treatment. The most common disorders include:Read MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1125 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Sleep deprivation in college students General purpose: Inform classmates of the importance of sleep  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Specific Purpose: State the consequences of not getting enough sleep Thesis Statement: When the projects, exams, and extra-curricular activities start to pile up on one another it seems as though there is not enough time in the day.   This is when college students tend to lose precious hours of sleep and the consequences can be costly. Organizational Pattern: topical       I. IntroductionRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: To inform. Specific purpose: Sleep is a precious gift that allows people to rest. Not getting enough rest on a constant basis can lead to greater problems, even death Organizational Pattern: Introduction I. Blame It On the Light Bulb.  Ã‚  College students and individuals around the world are suffering from a health problem that can be more detrimental to their health than some forms of cancer.  Ã‚  What is it?  Ã‚  Sleep Deprivation II. People are losing sleep daily, in such a fashion that mostRead MoreThe Sleep Patterns Of University Students993 Words   |  4 PagesThe sleep patterns of university students are more problematic than those of high school students and non-university-attending adults: in one report, university students obtained fewer hours of sleep at night on leisure days relative to high school students, and their nighttime mid-sleep time was later on school days relative to that of high school students (Urner, Tornic, Bloch, 2009). Sleep problems in university student’s likely result from myriad influences, including biological factors suchRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On Health And Quality Of Life Through Prevention And Treatment Of Disease Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will show different sleep interventions that have been used among one of the most sleep deprived generations, college students. An intervention is a way to improve health and quality of life through pre vention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. 7 out of every 10 college students say that they get fewer than the suggested amount of sleep each night. While many students aren’t sleeping enough either, 68% of those student’s state that they have troubleRead MoreThe Effects Of Being Sleep Deprived1292 Words   |  6 PagesNegative of effects of being sleep deprived From the introduction of the research it talks about sleep which is an important element of the human body condition and if properly obtained can lead to effective performance from our dayto-day activities, but nowadays people tend to deprive themselves of getting enough sleep either by carrying out some activities like working late at night, student doing their assignment or research late at night. Sleep is very necessary and when not obtained we beganRead MoreThe Problem Of Depression And Anxiety Disorders1527 Words   |  7 Pagesglance, one might say that the main concerns college students face today are financial difficulties and lack of sleep. But upon closer inspection the main predicament comes into focus; mental illness. Mental illnesses detriment students immensely, with about ninety-two percent of college students suffering from some form of mental illness. The two most common occurring mental illnesses are depression and anxiety disorders. Nearly twenty-seven percent of students experience some form of depression, whichRead MoreTeachers, Counselors, And Even Parents Seem To Think That1403 Words   |  6 PagesTeachers, Counselors, and even parents seem to think that pushing students towards applying to college early is helping them out. 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Perioperative Observation Paper - 1455 Words

Perioperative Observation Paper Jenna Vaccaro Lewis University College of Nursing and Health Professions Abstract As a clinical requirement for my Adult 1: Medical-Surgical course, I had the opportunity to observe a patient in the Operating Room and in the Post Anesthesia Unit of Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital. The procedure that I observed was a left total knee replacement. The patient needed this surgery because she was experiencing osteoarthritis, and this surgery could alleviate her pain and discomfort. I was with the patient from the end of her stay in the pre-operative holding area to the Operating Room, and then to the Post Anesthesia Care Unit. This paper will include background inquiry, preoperative and operative†¦show more content†¦X-rays can be used for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis; the images would reveal damage and other changes related to osteoarthritis. With osteoarthritis of the knees, the patient would experience progressively increasing pain, stiffness, and they would have a decrease in daily functions. Patients experiencing these symptoms can be eligible for a t otal knee replacement. The surgical procedure. A total knee replacement is a surgical procedure where the diseased knee joint is completely replaced by artificial materials that resemble the original knee joint. The orthopedic surgeon removed the end of the femur and the end of the tibia by using metal pieces and sawing the bone, to ensure that he removes the right amount of bone. The end of the femur bone is replaced with metal and the end of the tibia bone is replaced with plastic and metal. A plastic piece was added under the patella because the surface under the patella was damaged as well. These artificial materials, called prosthesis, have smooth surfaces so when they rub against each other, it does not cause damage and is pain-free. The purpose of this surgery is to remove the diseased portions of the joint and replace it with artificial materials to prevent further deterioration and eliminate pain, stiffness, and decreases in function that were caused by the osteoarthritis. Preoperative and Operative Phase The surgical suite was clean, well lit, and very organized. All of the tools andShow MoreRelatedPerioperative Observation Experience. I Observed A Laparoscopic1323 Words   |  6 PagesPerioperative Observation Experience I observed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Sentara Albemarle Medical Center. In this paper, I will cover pre-operative tasks, surgical procedure, anesthesia and interventions, roles and functions of the nurse, and surgical team members. I will also cover safety and comfort concerns along with nursing diagnoses related to this surgery. 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The Golden Lily Chapter 16 Free Essays

string(54) " nothing compared to your safety,† he finished\." I WASTED NO TIME in getting the group together. This was big. I still didn’t know the level of danger we were facing, but I refused to take any chances. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Lily Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I chose Clarence’s house as a meeting spot, seeing as the hunters didn’t know about it yet. It still made me nervous. I would’ve been nervous even if we’d been meeting in an Alchemist bunker. And apparently, â€Å"hunters† wasn’t even the right term. According to their low-quality pamphlet, they called themselves â€Å"The Warriors of Light.† I wasn’t sure they deserved that fancy title, especially since in their mission statement, they spelled â€Å"abyss† as â€Å"abiss.† The pamphlet was really very sparse, simply stating that there was an evil walking among humanity and that the Warriors were the force there to destroy it. They urged their fellow humans to be ready and stay pure. None of the vampires were mentioned by name, for which I was glad. The pamphlet also didn’t mention much about any of the shared history they claimed to have with the Alchemists. Before we went to Clarence’s, Eddie scoured Latte for any sort of tracking device. The very idea creeped me out, the same way being watched at Adrian’s did. There was a feeling of violation to it all. It was only my lack of faith in their technology that made me feel somewhat better. â€Å"It seems unlikely they’d be that advanced,† I told Eddie, as he wiggled under the car. â€Å"I mean, that pamphlet looked like it had been made on a 1980s copy machine. I don’t know if that’s because they’ve had the pamphlets sitting around that long or if that’s the actual machine they still use†¦ but regardless, they don’t scream high tech to me.† â€Å"Maybe,† he agreed, voice slightly muffled. â€Å"But we can’t take any chances. We don’t know what they’re capable of. And for all we know, they’re trying to hook up with the Alchemists to score technology.† Chills ran through me. It was an outrageous thought: that the Alchemists and this violent fringe group could be related. It had been crazy when Adrian and I had speculated about it and was hard to accept even in the face of mounting evidence. At least now I had enough information to take to my superiors without being ridiculed. Even though I’d never heard of hunters like this, it seemed plausible that somewhere, at some point, they’d tried to connect with my organization. Hopefully someone in the Alchemists could help. Eddie scooted out from under Latte. â€Å"You’re clean. Let’s head out.† Jill and Angeline were waiting nearby, both tense and anxious. Jill gave Eddie an admiring smile. â€Å"I didn’t know you knew how to do any of this. I never would have even thought about it.† He wiped sweat off his forehead. â€Å"You thought guardian training was all about hitting and kicking?† She flushed. â€Å"Pretty much, yeah.† â€Å"Can you tell me about some of this stuff sometime?† asked Angeline. â€Å"Seems like I should know it.† â€Å"Sure,† said Eddie, sounding like he meant it. She beamed. He’d been much easier around her ever since her attitude had become more serious and restrained. I think some of that good behavior had played a role in me getting permission for her to join us tonight. She was still technically on suspension, but I’d managed to get a special exemption on the grounds of our family’s so-called religion. I’d used a similar excuse when Jill had been suspended last month, in order to take her to feedings. Even still, we were on very strict orders with Angeline tonight. She couldn’t be out for more than two hours, and the price was adding an extra day of suspension to her sentence. We took an abnormal route to Clarence’s, and Eddie watched behind us carefully, looking for any signs of pursuit. He tried to explain some of the things I needed to watch for when I was on my own. I was so nervous, I hardly heard. After a tense ride, we made it safely to Clarence’s. There, we found Adrian already waiting for us. Dimitri had apparently been downtown earlier and picked Adrian up – no doubt taking all the same precautions Eddie had for travel. I’d given Eddie and Dimitri some of the info on the hunters, but everyone else required a more thorough explanation. We gathered in our usual spot, the formal living room, and Dimitri paced around the room, bracing for an attack at any moment. Clarence looked on from his chair with that typical distracted gaze. When I held up the pamphlet, however, he came to life. â€Å"That’s them!† he cried. I thought he might actually spring up from the chair and rip the pamphlet from my hands. â€Å"Those are their symbols!† Most of the same alchemical symbols that had been on the sword were strewn across the pamphlet’s front. â€Å"That circle. I remember that circle.† â€Å"The gold symbol,† I confirmed. â€Å"Or, I guess in their case, the sun symbol since they’re so obsessed with light and dark.† Clarence looked around frantically. â€Å"They’re back! We have to get out of here. I came to this city to escape them, but they’ve found me. We have no time. Where’s Dorothy? Where’s Lee? I must pack!† â€Å"Mr. Donahue,† I said, in as a gentle a tone as I could manage, â€Å"they don’t know you’re here. You’re safe.† I didn’t know if I believed that and hoped I was convincing. â€Å"She’s right,† said Dimitri. â€Å"And even if they did, you know I wouldn’t let them hurt you.† There was such confidence and strength in the way Dimitri spoke that I had a feeling that we’d believe him even if a group of Strigoi were invading, and he said, â€Å"It’s fine, you’re safe.† â€Å"If what you’re saying is true,† said Sonya, â€Å"I’m the one that’s in danger.† She seemed much calmer than I would be in that situation. â€Å"They’re not going to hurt you either,† said Dimitri sharply. â€Å"Especially if you don’t leave this house.† â€Å"The research – † she began. † – is nothing compared to your safety,† he finished. You read "The Golden Lily Chapter 16" in category "Essay examples" There was a look in his eyes that said he would tolerate no arguments. â€Å"You need to get back to Court. You were planning on it anyway. Just make the trip early.† Sonya didn’t look happy about that. â€Å"So I leave the rest of you in danger?† â€Å"Maybe we aren’t,† said Eddie, though the tension in his body said otherwise. â€Å"From what Sydney said – and their mini-manifesto – their focus seems to be Strigoi, not Moroi.† He glanced over at Jill. â€Å"Not that we can let our guard down. If they’ve mistaken Sonya for a Strigoi, who knows what other craziness they might do? Don’t worry. I won’t let them near you.† Jill looked ready to swoon. â€Å"That’s a good idea,† I said. â€Å"They still think the Moroi are a threat but not as much as the Strigoi.† â€Å"Kind of like the Alchemists,† said Adrian. He was sitting in a corner armchair and had been quiet this whole time. I hadn’t seen him since the night of the dance or had any communication with him, which was odd. Even when he wasn’t sending me pathetic e-mails about the experiments, he almost always had some witty quip to pass along. â€Å"True,† I admitted, with a smile. â€Å"But we’re not trying to kill any of you. Not even Strigoi.† â€Å"And there’s the problem,† said Dimitri. â€Å"These warriors are convinced Sonya used to be a Strigoi and is using some trick to disguise herself.† â€Å"Maybe they have some tracking or inventory system,† Sonya mused. â€Å"They keep tabs on various Strigoi in the country and then try to hunt them down.† â€Å"And yet they didn’t know about you,† I pointed out to Dimitri. His face stayed neutral, but I knew it was hard for him to be reminded of his Strigoi days. â€Å"And from what I know†¦ you were much more of a, um, notable figure than Sonya.† He’d essentially been a Strigoi mobster. â€Å"So, if you’re off their radar, they probably don’t have an international presence – or at least not a Russian one.† Angeline leaned forward, hands clasped, and regarded Clarence with a smile sweet enough to justify her name. â€Å"How do you know about them? How did you first run into them?† At first, he looked too terrified to answer, but I think her kindly attitude soothed him. â€Å"Well, they killed my niece, of course.† We all knew Lee had killed Clarence’s niece, but the old man didn’t believe this any more than he believed Lee was dead. â€Å"Did you see them when they did it?† asked Angeline. â€Å"Did you ever see them at all?† â€Å"Not when Tamara died, no,† he admitted. His eyes got a faraway look, as though he were staring straight into the past. â€Å"But I knew what signs to look for. I’d run into them before that, you see. Back when I was living in Santa Cruz. They like California, you know. And the Southwest. Goes back to their sun fixation.† â€Å"What happened in Santa Cruz?† asked Dimitri. â€Å"A group of their young ones began stalking me. Trying to kill me.† The rest of us exchanged glances. â€Å"So they do go after Moroi,† said Eddie. He actually moved closer to Jill. Clarence shook his head. â€Å"Not usually. From what Marcus told me, they prefer Strigoi. These were young, undisciplined members of their order going off on their own, without the knowledge of their superiors. I assume it was the same type who killed Tamara.† â€Å"Who’s Marcus?† I asked. â€Å"Marcus Finch. He saved me from them a few years ago. Fended them off during an attack and later got in touch with their order to keep those ruffians away from me.† Clarence shivered at the memory. â€Å"Not that I stayed around after that. I took Lee and left. That was when we moved to Los Angeles for a while.† â€Å"This Marcus,† I said. â€Å"Was he a guardian?† â€Å"A human. He was about your age then. He knew all about the hunters.† â€Å"I suppose he would if he got in touch with them,† Dimitri speculated. â€Å"But he must be friendly to Moroi if he helped you?† â€Å"Oh, yes,† said Clarence. â€Å"Very much so.† Dimitri looked over at me. â€Å"Do you think – â€Å" â€Å"Yes,† I said, guessing his question. â€Å"I’ll see if we can find this Marcus guy. It’d be nice to get a source of info that’s not one of these crazy warriors. I’m also going to report on all of this, actually.† â€Å"Me too,† said Dimitri. Although Clarence wasn’t the expert on the hunters that this mysterious Marcus was, the old Moroi still had a surprising amount of info to share – info none of us had wanted to hear before. He verified what we’d already deduced, about the hunters’ â€Å"devotion to the light.† The group’s focus was Strigoi (for now), and all of their hunts were carefully planned and organized. They had a ritualized set of behaviors, particularly in regard to their younger members – which was why the rogue group harassing Clarence had been stopped. From what Clarence had gathered, the group was quite tough on their new recruits, emphasizing discipline and excellence. With the clock ticking down on Angeline’s reprieve, we needed to wrap things up shortly thereafter. I was also in charge of taking Adrian home, since we figured it’d be best to eliminate any chance of Dimitri being followed back to Clarence’s. Besides, I could tell Dimitri was anxious to begin putting certain things in motion. He wanted to finalize Sonya’s departure and also confer with the guardians – in case Jill needed to be removed. Her face reflected what I felt about that possible outcome. We’d both become attached to Amberwood. While he was giving some last-minute instructions to Eddie, I pulled Sonya aside for a quiet word. â€Å"I†¦ I’ve been thinking about something,† I told her. She studied me carefully, probably reading my aura and other body language. â€Å"What is it?† she asked. â€Å"If you want†¦ if you really want it, you can have some of my blood.† It was a huge, huge admission. Was it something I wanted to do? No. Absolutely not. I still had the same instinctive fears about giving my blood to Moroi, even for scientific purposes. And yet, yesterday’s events – and even the alley attack – had begun making me re-analyze my worldview. Vampires weren’t the only monsters out there. They were hardly monsters at all, especially next to these vampire hunters. How could I judge the enemy on race? I was being reminded more and more that humans were just as capable as vampires of evil – and that vampires were capable of good. It was actions that mattered, and Sonya and Dimitri’s were noble ones. They were fighting to destroy the ultimate evil of all, and as squeamish as I felt about giving my blood, I knew the right thing was to help them. Sonya knew what a sacrifice this was for me. Her face stayed calm – no whoops of joy – and she nodded solemnly. â€Å"I have my collection kit here. I can take a sample before you leave, if you’re sure.† So soon? Well, why not. It was best to get it over with – especially if Sonya would be leaving town soon anyway. We did it in the kitchen, which seemed slightly more sanitary than the living room. Sonya was no doctor, but whatever training she’d had, it was right in line with what I’d observed when getting physicals. Antiseptic, gloves, a new syringe. All the right procedures were followed, and after a quick poke of the needle, she had my blood sample. â€Å"Thank you, Sydney,† she said, handing me a plastic bandage. â€Å"I know how difficult this must have been for you. Believe me, this could really help us.† â€Å"I want to help,† I told her. â€Å"I really do.† She smiled. â€Å"I know. And we need all the help we can get. After being one of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her smile faded. â€Å"Well, I believe more than ever that their evil needs to be stopped. You might be the key.† For one second, her words inspired me – that I might somehow play a greater role in the fight against evil and possibly even stop it. Immediately, that thought was replaced by my old panic. No. No. I wasn’t special. I didn’t want to be. I would make a good faith effort to help, but surely nothing would come of it. I returned to fetch the others. Adrian and Jill were having some earnest conversation in the corner. Eddie and Angeline were also talking, and I overheard her say, â€Å"I’ll stay with Jill more at school, just to be safe. We can’t have her be part of some accident or mistaken identity.† Eddie nodded and looked impressed that she’d suggested it. â€Å"Agreed.† Amazing, I thought. I left soon with my carpool and swung by downtown to drop Adrian off. As I pulled up in front of his building, I saw something that made my jaw drop. Awe and disbelief rolled through me. In what was probably the most ungraceful parking job I’d ever done in my life, I brought Latte to an abrupt stop and was out of the car the second I pulled my keys from the ignition. The others followed moments later. â€Å"What,† I breathed. â€Å"Is that?† â€Å"Oh,† said Adrian casually. â€Å"That’s my new car.† I took a few steps forward and then stopped, afraid to approach it in the same way someone hesitated before royalty. â€Å"It’s a 1967 Ford Mustang convertible,† I said, knowing my eyes were probably bugging out of my face. I began walking around it. â€Å"The year they did a major overhaul and increased the size to keep up with other high-powered competition. See? It’s the first model with the concave tail lights but the last to have the Ford block lettering up front until 1974.† â€Å"What in the world is that color?† asked Eddie, not sounding impressed at all. â€Å"Springtime Yellow,† Adrian and I said in unison. â€Å"I would’ve guessed Lemon Chiffon,† said Eddie. â€Å"Maybe you can get it repainted.† â€Å"No!† I exclaimed. I tossed my purse over onto the grass and carefully touched the car’s side. Brayden’s beautiful new Mustang suddenly seemed so ordinary. â€Å"It’s been touched up, obviously, but this is a classic color. Which engine code is this? C, right?† â€Å"Um†¦ not sure,† said Adrian. â€Å"I know it’s got a V-8 engine.† â€Å"Of course it does,† I said. It was hard not to roll my eyes. â€Å"A 289. I want to know what the horsepower is.† â€Å"It’s probably in the paperwork,† Adrian said lamely. It was at that moment that I really processed Adrian’s earlier words. I looked up at him, knowing my face must be filled with disbelief. â€Å"This is really your car?† â€Å"Yup,† he said. â€Å"I told you. The old man spotted me the money for one.† â€Å"And you got this one?† I peered in through the window. â€Å"Nice. Black interior, manual transmission.† â€Å"Yeah,† said Adrian, a note of unease in his voice. â€Å"That’s the problem.† I glanced back. â€Å"What is? The black is great. And the leather’s condition is fantastic. So is the rest of the car.† â€Å"No, not the interior. The transmission. I can’t drive a stick.† I froze. â€Å"You can’t drive a stick?† â€Å"Neither can I,† said Jill. â€Å"You don’t have a license,† I reminded her. Although, my mother had taught me to drive before I had a license – both automatic and manual transmission. I knew I shouldn’t be surprised the stick was a lost art, as savage as such a lack seemed to me. That paled, of course, in comparison to the other obvious problem. â€Å"Why on earth would you buy a car like this if you can’t drive a stick? There are dozens of cars – new cars – that have automatic transmission. It’d be a million times easier.† Adrian shrugged. â€Å"I like the color. It matches my living room.† Eddie snorted. â€Å"But you can’t drive it,† I pointed out. â€Å"I figure it can’t be that hard.† Adrian sounded remarkably unconcerned about what I found blasphemous. â€Å"I’ll just practice taking it around the block a few times and figure it out.† I couldn’t believe what I was hearing. â€Å"What? Are you out of your mind? You’ll ruin it if you don’t know what you’re doing!† â€Å"What else am I supposed to do?† he asked. â€Å"Are you going to teach me?† I turned back to the beautiful Mustang. â€Å"Yes,† I said adamantly. â€Å"If that’s what it takes to save it from you.† â€Å"I can show you too,† said Eddie. Adrian ignored him and focused on me. â€Å"When we can start?† I ran through my school schedule, knowing I’d have to make talking to the Alchemists about the Warriors of Light my top priority. Then, the obvious hit me. â€Å"Oh. When we see Wolfe this week. We’ll take this out there.† â€Å"Is that really to help me?† asked Adrian. â€Å"Or do you just want to drive the car?† â€Å"Both,† I said, not embarrassed to admit it. Angeline’s clock at school was ticking, so the rest of us had to leave. I’d driven three blocks away when I realized I’d left my purse on the grass. With a groan, I looped around and returned to his building. My purse was there, but the Mustang was gone. â€Å"Where’s the car?† I asked, panicked. â€Å"No one could have stolen it that fast.† â€Å"Oh,† said Jill from the backseat, sounding slightly nervous. â€Å"I saw through the bond. He, um, moved it.† It was handy having the bond as a source of information, but her words made me panic more than if the car actually had been stolen. â€Å"He what?† â€Å"Not far,† she said quickly. â€Å"Just behind the building. This street’s got weird overnight parking rules.† I grimaced. â€Å"Well, I’m glad it won’t get towed, but he should’ve had me move it! Even if it’s not far, he could ruin the transmission.† â€Å"I’m sure it’s fine,† said Jill. There was a strange note to her voice. I didn’t respond. Jill was no car expert. None of them were. â€Å"It’s like letting a toddler loose in a room full of china,† I muttered. â€Å"What was he thinking? About any of this?† No one had an answer for that. I got us back to Amberwood in time for Angeline’s curfew and retreated to the sanity and calm of my room. As soon as I was satisfied my friends were safe and secure for the night, I e-mailed Donna Stanton – a high-up Alchemist whom I’d inexplicably developed a good relationship with – about the hunters and what we’d learned. I even took pictures of the pamphlet and e-mailed those as well. Once that was done, I sat back and tried to think if there was anything else at all I could provide her with that might help. It was only when I’d exhausted all options (and refreshed my inbox a few times to see if she’d responded already) that I finally moved on to homework. As usual, I was pretty much caught up on every assignment – save one. Ms. Terwilliger’s. That stupid book was on my desk, staring back at me, daring me to open it. I still had a number of days before her spell was due, time during which I could continue to procrastinate. I was beginning to accept, however, that this assignment wasn’t going to go away. Considering how long some of the prep on these took, maybe it’d be best to bite the bullet and get it out of the way. Resolved, I brought the book over to my bed and opened it to the table of contents, scanning some of the spells she’d gone over with me. My stomach twisted at most of them, every instinct telling me how wrong it was to even be attempting these. Magic is for vampires, not humans. I still believed that to be true, but the analytical part of my mind couldn’t help but apply some of the defensive spells to various situations. Much like my decision to give blood, recent events had made me look at the world differently. Was magic wrong? Yes. But that blindness spell would have certainly been useful in the alley. Another spell, one that temporarily immobilized people, could’ve been used if I’d wanted to flee from the hunters at the cafe. Sure, it only lasted thirty seconds, but that was more than enough time for me to have escaped. On and on, I went down the list. They were all so wrong and yet†¦ so useful. If I hadn’t seen the fire charm I’d made ignite a Strigoi, I wouldn’t have believed any of these were possible. But by all accounts, they were. So much power†¦ the ability to protect myself†¦ Immediately, I rebuked myself for such a thought. I had no need for power. That kind of thinking was what led freaks like Liam to want to be Strigoi. Although†¦ was it really the same? I didn’t want immortality. I didn’t want to hurt others. I just wanted to protect myself and those I cared about. Wolfe had a lot to teach me, but his preventative techniques wouldn’t help if determined vampire hunters cornered Sonya and me again. As time went on, it was becoming clear that the hunters were very determined. I returned to the table of contents, finding several that would be useful and well within my capabilities to make. According to Ms. Terwilliger, someone like me had excellent potential for magic because of inborn talent (which I didn’t entirely believe) and the rigorous Alchemist training in measurement and attention to detail. It wasn’t difficult to figure out how long it would take me to produce any of these likely candidates. The question was which spell did I make? Which did I have time to make? The answer was eerily simple. I had time to make all of them. How to cite The Golden Lily Chapter 16, Essay examples

Effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Productivity. Answer: Introduction Leadership plays the most significant role in achieving the fruitful productivity of an organisation. The efficient leadership style establishes the transparent communication process, which is an essential part of the organisational functionalities (Clarke, 2013). An efficient leader visualises the potentiality within the individuals and brings the best performance outcomes. This study determines the establishment of the future profession in engineering field. I have set my ambition of being a manager in the engineering field. After pursuing my career as a mechanical engineer for several years, I have gathered enough experiences for becoming a manager in this specific domain. This study would present the ideas of the suitable leadership style that will guide a mechanical engineer to be an efficient manager in the engineering domain. As opined by Davenport (2013), engineering is one of the most effective work domains that help in generating more revenues for the organisations. Moreove r, the critical activities associated with the engineering management are required to be performed in an effective way. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the concentration on the management functionalities and the effective leadership styles to determine the expected outcomes. Therefore, the study will shed lights in the proper methodology and the literature based information to understand the underlying concept. The findings derived from such secondary data collection process will be analysed to conclude with proper recommendation. The aim and objectives of the study will be focused to make the critical analysis of the documented information. Background of the Issue and Justification People need to derive the clear and conscience idea while selecting the future professions. The ambitious minds always tends to identify the most innovative and efficient way of achieving the goals. Therefore, it is necessary to select the future profession wisely. I have selected my future profession as the manager in the engineering organisation. I believe that I need to gather more information and guidance to become an efficient leader on this domain. It is noticed that the current volatile market has been transforming the demands of the stakeholders. In the engineering management procedure, the associated engineers face the diversified challenges much frequently (Lopp, 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the proper guidance and leading capabilities that will help them to move ahead with justified skills and efficiency. Moreover, it will be helpful enough for the organisations that are looking forward to expand the business globally. The individuals need to be highly skilled and ethically competent to take u the engineering management as the future profession. Anitha (2014) opined that the individuals need to be much responsible towards the organisational functionalities and managing other associates. It is essential for the individual to derive the sufficient knowledge about the practical application and experiences during the crucial scenario. The manager in an organisation plays the integral role in managing the functionalities. An efficient manager concentrates on the employee development process by providing proper guidance. Neubert et al. (2015) implied that the mechanical engineers have to perform more complex activities in their regular professional lives. The supportive attitude towards the employees can bring the most efficient performance outcomes that are beneficial for achieving organisational aspects. Hence, the major concern is to identify the most fruitful leadership style adopted by the managers that will be beneficial for each of the employees associated with the organisational functionalities. Leadership is the integral part of the organisational functionalities that develop the organisational culture and ensure high productivity. The application of the justified leadership styles is necessary for undertaking an operational process in an effective way. An efficient manager requires maintaining the necessary responsibilities for achieving success in a complex business scenario (Strom, Sears Kelly, 2014). Therefore, the study will help in recognising the justified leadership style that will be beneficial in achieving high productivity parameter. Employee welfare and supports are necessary for achieving the determined organisational goals. The major aim of the study is to identify how the efficient leadership styles can ensure organisational productivity in the field of mechanical engineering. Research Objectives To describe the types of the leadership styles in the organisations To recognise the suitable leadership style for the mechanical engineering department To determine the impact of efficient leadership style on organisational productivity Concept of leadership Leadership management is an influential process in an organisation that guides the individuals towards achieving the personal and professional goals. According to Lo et al. (2015), leadership is an organisational process, which influence other associates to perform much efficiently and accomplish the determined objectives. It is to be indicated that the most effective leadership style helps in organising the business functionalities in a cohesive and coherent manner. The well formed and skilled leader has the capability of inspiring other individuals in the organisation and providing enormous support for developing the organisational culture in a significant way. The business complexities are increasing much significantly in current times. Therefore, the innovations and unique strategy implementation have become necessary. Organisations need to keep the focus on recruiting the skilled people who have the superior knowledge about the business activities in the respective domains (Lasc hinger and Fida 2014). The leaders have to take the responsibility of guiding these people with proper efficiency and motivate them to bring the most effective performance outcomes. Typologies of Leadership styles The leadership styles are classified into different divisions based on the characteristics and attribute of the leaders. These diverse leadership styles have both the advantages and disadvantages in many ways. The determined goals and organisational culture determine the preferable leadership styles that are needed to be undertaken (Hogg, Van Knippenberg Rast, 2012). There are five types of the leadership styles that are followed by the managers to manage the organisational activities. These different types of leadership styles are described further: A laissez Faire leader usually does not take the regular feedback from the employees performance and lacks the direct supervision. The highly experienced employees are directed under the supervision of the laissez faire leaders (Furtner, Baldegger, Rauthmann, 2013). The leaders are completely reliable and depended on the employees performance skills. However, it is to be noted that not every employee possess such high skilled characteristics and professionalisms. Hence, the leadership style hinders the employees production more significantly. It may even affect the organisational productivity. The leadership style lacks the control over the employees. Moreover, the leadership style requires more investments on training sessions for making the employees more efficient. The participative leadership style often interpreted as the democratic leadership that values the input of the associated employees. Assembling the responses of the associated personnel and the staffs together, the leaders make the decision for organisational welfare. Skogstad et al. (2014) implied that the democratic leadership style boosts up the employees spirit and make them feel more reliable towards the performance. The contribution of the employees to make the organisational decision is highly appreciated by the democratic leader. Especially, the participative leadership style is much effective during the change management procedure. The employees accept the change easily since they contribute much effectively to facilitate the changing management scenario. In fact, this leadership style is much helpful for the organisation whenever any quick decisions are needed to be undertaken within a short time span. Autocratic The autocratic leadership style signifies the participation of the manager in making the organisational decision. The managers take the full authority to organise the functionalities and lead the associated members. There is no scope of challenging the decisions of the leaders in this leadership style (De Hoogh, Greer Den Hartog, 2015). For example, the organisations in the countries like North Korea, China, and Cuba follow such leadership style (Boykins et al., 2013). The leaders determine that the autocratic style helps in retaining control over the employees and establishing the closer supervision. In some of the cases, this leadership style demoralises the employees contribution towards organisational productivity. Transformational The transformation leadership style signifies the establishment of the effective communication from the management level to accomplish the determined goals. The transformational leaders encourage the associated members to enhance the productivity parameter and maintain the efficiency level through high visibility and proper communication. The involvement of the high management is also an essential part in order to accomplish the personal and professional goals (Dumdum, Lowe, Avolio, 2013). In this leadership style, the leaders usually concentrate on the bigger picture within an organisation. Moreover, the leaders identify the fruitful strategies of delegating the smaller tasks that will be beneficial for meeting the organisational objectives. The transactional leaders pay attention towards several specific tasks and accordingly provide rewards and punishments based on the performance parameter. The managers have to take the responsibility to make the associated members aware of the organisational goals. The members need motivations for achieving the pre-determined goals. The positive performance outcomes will be appreciated with rewards (Choudhary, Akhtar, Zaheer, 2013). On the other hand, if any employee fails to meet the goals, the leader has the authority to put a penalty. The managers review the results and determine whether the employees need to be more trained or monitored. The employees receive the rewards that motivate them towards accomplishing the organisational objectives. Effectiveness of the leadership style on organisational productivity Application of the effective leadership styles is necessary for each of the organisation. Pierro, Raven, Amato Blanger (2013) explained that the leaders need to acquire the most effective communication skills that are necessary for making the employees aware of the organisational goals. On the other hand, (Furtner, Baldegger, and Rauthmann (2013) argued that the besides the effective communication skills, the efficient leaders need to be a motivational factor that will lead the employees towards the success. However, it is still argued that establishing the communication transparency is much beneficial in making the clear approaches regarding the organisational functionalities. When the employees are motivated towards the work, it will generate high organisational productivity. Therefore, it can be inferred that application of the suitable leadership style can enhance organisational productivity. Gap in the Literature The extracted ideas from the journal articles provide the insightful knowledge about the efficient leadership styles that have the significant impact on organisational productivity. However, the literature study is still limited since it does not provide the information about the maintenance of the organisational productivity at the optimum level. The study is somewhat presenting the impacts of the different leadership styles on enhancing productivity. Research Methodology Research methodology is the structured and sequential process of assembling the relevant information for the study. The methodology provides the contextual ideas about the proper method that is applicable for gathering and analysing the necessary information (Bryman Bell, 2015). The methodology also suggests the scheduled time frame, which will be followed to complete the entire study. The research philosophy is classified into three different typologies, such as realism, positivism, and interpretivism. This research is conducted by applying the positivism philosophy, which reveals the hidden truth (Edson, Henning Sankaran, 2016). On the other hand, research approach is divided into two forms, such as deductive and inductive approach. The study is based on the secondary research process and it is necessary to concentrate on the theoretical perspectives. Deductive Approach provides the information based on the theoretical concepts. The study is associated with the various types of t he theory based analysis. Hence, application of the deductive approach for this study will be much relevant and appropriate. The next segment of research methodology is the research design, which is classified into three divisions, such as exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive (Creswell, 2013). The major focus of the research techniques is to fulfil the research objectives and determine the conclusion. The study is based on the in-depth analysis of the leadership styles that have the significant impacts on the organisational productivity. The use of the descriptive design focuses on the underlying concept and the hypothetical value of understanding the subject matter. Therefore, the application of the descriptive design will be justified for completing this study. The study explores the effectiveness of the leadership styles that have the significant impacts on the organisational productivity. In order to conduct this research study, it is necessary to collect the secondary data and understand the underlying concepts. The study is thus based on the secondary research method. The research study will be conducted by gathering the relevant information from journal articles, books, newspaper articles, and website sources (Creswell, 2013). The online and offline sources contain the leadership case scenario of different organisations. Moreover, the secondary research study represents the thematic analysis, which points out the underlying issues faced by the skilled managers in the organisations. It depicts whether the leadership attribute can bring more efficiency in an organisational context. The use of the secondary analysis is thus appropriate for this research study. The further section of the study will present the findings derived from the the matic analysis. Time Frame Activities Week 1-2 Week 3-5 Week 6 Week 7-9 Week 10 Week 11-12 Week 13-14 Selecting the Topic Layout Development Review of Literature Research Plan Development Research Process Selection Data Collection Technique Selection Data Analysis Technique Selection Data Findings Conclusion Final Submission Table 1: Time Frame (Source: Created by Author) Findings from Secondary Analysis The study is mainly focusing on the effectiveness of the leadership styles on the organisational productivity. The research study discusses about the significant attribute of the manager from mechanical engineering domain. The engineering domain includes more complex working scenario and needs more innovations in the business process. Therefore, it is essential to identify the most suitable leadership style that can enhance the organisational productivity. Accordingly, the study recognises two specific themes that can justify the business procedure in a mechanical engineering domain. It is already mentioned that the mechanical engineering business deals with many of the innovations and complexities. Therefore, it is essential to recognise the most preferable leadership style that is needed to be undertaken by the manager. According to Hoch and Kozlowski (2014), in the engineering domain, the leaders need to be high skilled, innovators, and efficient enough to handle the complex business functions. Herrmann and Felfe (2014) believe that the engineers can be the most suitable people for being managers in future. The capability of handling the business complexities, frequent innovations, and a detailed attention shapes up a leader for accomplishing the organisational goals. However, the major discussion in this theme is to identify the most suitable leadership style in mechanical engineering process. Reid (2016) described that the mechanical engineering process is much complex and the managers require bringing frequent innovations to survive in current business scenario. It is necessary for the business companies to identify the suitable leadership style. Concentrating on the different leadership styles along with the business needs of the mechanical engineering domain, the transformational leadership style can be used in a justified manner. De Poel, Stoker and Van der Zee (2014) argued that the transformational leadership style provides the significant opportunity to the individuals and encourage them to bring more business innovations. It is even helpful for developing the professional and personal attributes of the employees that will pay off in future. The article also highlights that the transformational leaders are involved with frequent and closer supervision process. Therefore, the employees receive the proper guidance for evaluating the innovative business ideas. The tra nsformational leaders maintain the high level of communicational transparency that encourages the employees to preset their concerns (Simonet Tett, 2013). The major limitation in this article is it does not include the method of maintaining the feedback process for the performed activities. It is necessary to understand the basic method of keeping the information of the employees that are needed to be addressed. The leaders need to find out the most efficient way of communicating with the employees and make them updated with the business innovation procedure. Leaders play the most significant role in shaping the organisational functionalities. The efficient contribution of the leaders can bring changes in the organisational scenario (Tung, 2014). While discussing the effectiveness of leadership styles in the organisational context, it si necessary to shed lights on the organisational functionalities. The engineers need to analyse each of the business activities with detailed information. The complexities in the business procedures are sometimes affect the business environment. The repeated changing demands of the business world become much hectic. Reid (2016) opined that the efficient leader can manage such challenging scenario by engaging the information and ideas of the associated employees. However, in order to achieve such purposes, it is necessary to provide the employees proper encouragement that will reflect in their performance outcomes (MacIntyre, 2016). When the employees receive the proper guidance and the motivations from the upper management level or the leaders, they tend to focus on their performance parameter. Moreover, an efficient leader provides the significant opportunity to the employees to prove the potentiality and develop the career with proper appreciation. The journal, the effects of leadership styles and budget participation on job satisfaction and job performance, indicates that this procedure is much beneficial in improving the organisational culture and ensuring more profitability (Reid, 2016). The argument present in this article signifies that the employees can bring the innovations in the business procedure if they receive the proper training and closer supervision of the leaders. Maintaining such consequences will be effective enough in motivating the employees and encouraging them to fulfil their personal and professional goals. Simultaneously, it will create impacts on the overall productivity of the organisation. The above theme analysis specifies the impacts of the leadership styles on organisational productivity with the special reference of mechanical engineering domain. The information and the limitation associated in the secondary sources are pointed out in this section of the study. Concentrating on the findings derived from the secondary analysis, the study will discuss the findings derived from the literature based information. The collaboration of these findings will ensure the fruitful recommendation for being a capable and efficient leader. Discussion of the Findings derived from Literature Review The literature review mainly concentrates in the theoretical background of the subject matter. The study focuses on the impacts of leadership styles on organisational productivity. The discussion determines that the leaders adopt the different types of leadership attributes that have the significant impacts on the employees and the organisational activities. However, the leaders share the similar vision of accomplishing the business objectives. Employees are the major resources of an organisation. The leaders need to maintain the responsibility of managing these employees and motivate them enough to enhance the organisational productive. The autocratic leadership style ensures the full authority of the leaders and no one can challenge the decision (Nanjundeswaraswamy Swamy, 2014). The employees are sometimes unable to cope with such decisions sometimes. It discourages the presence and participation of the employees. On the other hand, the transformational leadership style is much pr eferable for the employees since it is associated with the personal and professional development of the workforce in an organisation (Vermeeren, Kuipers Steijn, 2014). It is noted that the transformational leaders lead the employees towards achieving the business goals which automatically serves as the significant method of developing the personal attributes. Therefore, it is essential for the managers to select the leadership style wisely. The leaders need to keep the focus on the detailed information that will help in enhancing the organisational productivity. The application of the findings from the literature study with the thematic analysis specifies that the leaders need to bring more innovations in the business process to enhance the productivity parameter. More specifically, in case of engineering domain, the skilled performance outcomes of the employees are necessary for handling the complex business environment. The efficient leaders have the capability of encouraging the workforce to manage such complexities and enhance the organisational productivity (Nanjundeswaraswamy, Swamy 2014). The concentration on the proper leadership attribute is necessary to lead or guide the workforce. Conclusion The contribution of the leaders in an organisational context is much important for each of the organisations. The efficient leadership style can enhance the organisational productivity much significantly. Mechanical engineering domain often deals with the complex business procedures. It is necessary to bring more innovations in business functionalities to ensure the organisational productivity. Accordingly, the selected leader needs to be capable of bringing more innovations in the business and guide the workforce to cooperate with such scenario. The information received from secondary analysis and literature based study, it is noted that the transformational leaders are bringing the workforce together to gather more innovative business ideas. The assimilations of these unique business ideas are much helpful for dealing with a complex business scenario. Moreover, the transformational leadership style helps in developing the personal and professional attributes of the employees by undertaking the closer supervision of their activities. Consequently, the organisation ensures more productivity, which leads towards achieving the pre-determined objectives. The major focus of a transformational leader is to motivate the employees and bring the best performance outcome. Simultaneously, the transformational leaders concentrate on the innovative procedures and change management scenario, which are essential for sustaining the competitive position of an organisation. The mechanical engineering is a different domain, which deals with the repeatedly changing business functionalities and high skilled technicalities. Hence, as a manager, it is important to focus on such demands to fulfil the goals and enhance the organisational producti vity. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Boykins, C., Campbell, S., Moore, M., Nayyar, S. (2013). An empirical study of leadership styles.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,5(2), 1. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). 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